Newton's and Fresnel's Diffraction Experiments The Continuation of Newton's Diffraction
Experiments Diffraction of Light at Slit and Hindrance Interference-Angle Condition, Diffraction and
Imagery Diffraction One After Another and with
Intermediate Imagery Diminishing of Frequency of Light after
Diffraction Inner and Outer Diffraction-Fringes at
Circular Openings Superposition of Interference and Diffraction Diffraction Experiments with Inhomogeneous
Illumination Experiments with Polarized Light at Slit and
Double-Slit The Background of Diffraction-Figures Trial for Interpretation of Newton's Diffraction
Experiments Consequences for Photons out of Newton's
Diffraction Experiments Consequences for Structure of Electrons out of
that of Photons The Thermally Conditioned Electromagnetic Field Diffraction and Light-Emission of Electrons Energy-Steps of Electrons in Magnetic Eigen-Field Faraday's Electro-tonic States Near-Field Optics with Regard to Newton's
Diffraction-Experiments Consideration of Magnetic Moment of Electron
in Quantum Theories |
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Near-Field Optics with Regard to Newton's Diffraction-Experiments
The phenomenons of diffraction are new built up with regard to Newton's and newly diffraction experiments. By photons with structure and field diffraction is described as change of direction in consequence of interaction of the photon with its asymmetric returning field with use of vortex-dynamics By strong fade out, interaction or origin in smallest particles, can originate photons with an incomplete field. These photons can not interfere with its field and so are not to obey Abbe's formula for resolving power. But every photon completed soon its field and so was near-field optics possible only in shortest distances, as experiments show too. .....Comparison with the sound-fieldMarti a. Krausch [17] compared near-field optics with phenomena in sound where also appear near-field effects which direct to a higher resolution. But between sound and light are fundamental differences. With our present knowledge sound bases in gaseous medium on periodic stimulations but then on impact-processes. The single gas-molecules move locally only little in propagation-direction till it hits the next molecule. At central impact they can pass down their energy, at eccentric impact only a part of energy is delivered and it results a change of direction. These changes of direction feign to do a Huygens' principle and cause at sound a diffraction as deflection. An interference of one molecule with itself in the form of interaction of molecule with ist field not known in sound. At limitation and periodic stimulation result diffractions which are only restrictively comparable with diffraction of light. If sound comes out of a very small source so have in short distance took place only few impacts and deviations from the original direction hardly make a difference, there exists also in sound a near-field with different properties. References[1] I. Newton, Opticks or a Treatise of Reflexions, Refractions Inflexions and Colours of Light. 1704; Opera quae exstant omnis, Tom. IV, London 1782; Optics. Reprint, Bruxelles 1966: Optik II + III. Übers. W Abendroth, Ostwald's Klassiker Nr. 97, Engelmann, Leipzig 1898; NeuaufIage Bd. 96/97, Vieweg, Braunschweig 1983; Optique. Trac. J. P. Marat 1787; Reproduction Bourgois 1989. [2] A. J. Fresnel, Ouvres Complétes I. Paris 1866; Abhandlungen über die Beugung des Lichtes. Oswalds Klassiker Nr. 215, Engelmann, Leipzig 1926. [3] E. Mach, Die Prinzipien der physikalischen Optik. Barth, Leipzig 1921; The Principles of Physical Optics. New York 1926. [4] H. Nieke, Newtons Beugungsexperimente und ihre Weiterführung. Halle 1997, Comp. Print 1, Arbeit 1 und 2; (Vorhanden in vielen deutschen Universitätsbibliotheken); Newton's Diffraction Experiments and their Continuation. Halle 1997, comp. print 2, paper 1 and 2. (Available in some university libraries). [5] As [4], paper 3. [6] As [4], paper 4. [7] As [4], paper 5. [8] As [4], paper 6. [9] As [4], paper 12 und 13. [10] F. Chew, Science 161 (1968) 762; Physics Today 23 (1970) 23. [11] F.Hund, Materie als Feld. Springer, Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg 1954, S. 379. [12] W. Heisenberg, ZS. f. Physik 43 (1927) 172-98 Gesammelte Werke, Series A / Part 1, S. 478-504. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo 1985. [13] W. Heisenberg, Die physikalischen Prinzipien der Quantentheorie. 2. Aufl. Hirzel, Leipzig 1941; Unveränderter Nachdruck, B. I.-Hochschultaschenbuch Bd. 1, Wissenschaftsverlag, Mannheim, Zürich, Wien 1991, S. 10, 18, 58. The Principles of Quantum Theory. Chicago 1930. [14] As [4], paper 13. [15] H. Raether, Surface Plasmons on Smooth and Rough Surfaces and Gratings. Springer Tracts in modern Physics Bd. 111, Springer, Berlin 1988. [16] U. Ch. Fischer a. D. W. Pohl Phys. Rev. Lett. 62 (1989) 458. [17] O. Marti u. G. Krautsch, Phys. Bl. 51 (1995) Nr. 6 493-6. [18] As [4], paper 10. [19] L. Arnold, W, Krieger a. H. Walter, Appl. Phys. Lett. 51 (1987) 786-8. [20] M. Völcker, W. Krieger a. H. Walter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 (1991) 1717. [21] R. Berndt, R. Gaisch, W. D. Schneider, J. K. Gimzewski, B. Reihl, R.R. Schlitter a. M. Tschudy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 (1995) 102-5. Science 262 (1993) 1425-7. [22] R.Berndt, Scanning Microscopy 9 (1995) 687-93. [23] U. Fischer, U. Düring, D. W. Pohl, Appl. Phys. Lett. 52 (1988) 249-251. [24] K. Dickmann u. J. Jersch, Phys. Bl. 52 (1996) 363-5. [25] Th. Schimmel u. R. Fuchs, Phys. Bl. 50 (1994) 573-4.
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